Which complications are associated with untreated anemia in CKD patients?

In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), untreated anemia can lead to significant complications, particularly cardiovascular issues and fatigue. Anemia in CKD occurs due to a variety of factors, including decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys, leading to reduced red blood cell production. As hemoglobin levels drop, patients often experience fatigue due to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues, which can severely impact their quality of life.

Moreover, anemia is closely linked to cardiovascular problems. The heart must work harder to pump blood due to the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, increasing the risk of heart strain, left ventricular hypertrophy, and heart failure. This relationship is well-documented and underscores the importance of managing anemia in CKD patients to mitigate these serious cardiovascular risks.

The other options mentioned, such as joint pain and swelling or increased appetite and weight gain, are not typical complications associated with untreated anemia in CKD patients. Additionally, anemia does not decrease the risk of infection; rather, it can contribute to a higher risk of complications due to overall decreased health status. Thus, recognizing and addressing the implications of untreated anemia in CKD is crucial for patient care.